Managing your schools electronic waste

In the course of the most recent couple of decades the life expectancy of gadgets has definitely reduced.Computers in 1996 had a normal life expectancy of around six years, today they have a life expectancy of around two years. Telephones have a much shorter period considering the quantity of Smartphone makers who are continually contending to create the following best phone.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Managing your schools electronic waste explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More All that this prompts is huge measures of electronic waste. Without legitimate administration, electronic waste can prompt genuine natural harm. This paper will talk about different ways, in which your establishment can deal with its electronic squanders. (U.N.E.P) One of the best methods of lessening the electronic waste in your school is to abstain from purchasing gadgets that you needn't bother with. The purchaser culture that has held the entire world doesn't ju st influence people, establishments are likewise liable of buying gadgets that they needn't bother with. By guaranteeing just the fundamental things are gotten, you diminish the measure of waste produced (Hieronymi, Kahhat, Williams, 2012). When your school has moved up to further developed gadgets you may consider giving or selling the hardware that you won't use. This will decrease the measure of electronic waste that you need to deal with. Sites, for example, craigslist and eBay are useful for selling utilized gadgets. On the off chance that this isn't an alternative, you can likewise return the gadgets to the store where you bought them. An ever increasing number of organizations are putting resources into buyback projects to assist them with securing materials that can be reused. Before the school buys any new hardware ensure that you see if the store selling them has a buyback program. This will spare you a great deal of time and cash in future (City-of-Melborne). In the event that the school requires hard core machines, similar to servers, at that point you ought to consider utilizing distributed computing administrations. This will mean all your stockpiling and handling will be done on the web, consequently, taking out the need to purchase more gadgets (USCC, 2010). Subsequent to debilitating these strategies, the school can take a gander at reusing the electronic waste that is left. Guarantee that the electronic waste isn't blended in with some other sort of waste, for example, natural waste. Keep the loss in discrete holders and transport it to your nearby electronic waste reusing plant.Advertising Looking for exposition on ecological investigations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References City-of-Melborne. (n.d.). Electronic waste reusing. Web. Hieronymi, K., Kahhat, R., Williams, E. (2012). E-squander Management. London: Routledge. U.N.E.P. (n.d.). E-Waste Management. Web. USCC. (2010). Keeping Organics Out Of Landfills. US Composite Coucil Position Statement , 1-4. This article on Managing your schools electronic waste was composed and put together by client Milania A. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Comfort Theory in PACU Settings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Solace Theory in PACU Settings - Essay Example This paper shows that Ms.Donald composes that in her down to earth settings, she distinguishes the individual needs of every patient and executes fitting nursing intercessions which add to the comprehensive methodology of Kolcaba’s hypothesis. Patients have certain and express solace needs that, when met, fortify them and inspire them to perform better in treatment, restoration, and getting the hang of/sticking to new wellbeing regimens. A post-sedation tolerant has certain un-addressed issues which may frustrate his/her recuperation. These necessities are not met by either the family or the wellbeing place however are basic for the patient’s recuperation. This is the place Kolcaba’s nursing hypothesis builds up itself. The nursing staff is required to distinguish the necessities and the needs of the patients and solace the patient inside and out. Solace has an alternate significance to each being, hence the nursing intercession ought to likewise be actualized in like manner. In Ms.Donald’s PACU settings, she mediates by tuning in to her patient and consoling them, along these lines she meets the psychospiritual need of her patients. PACU patients have a few issues. These patients who have experienced complex surgeries or different medications may experience the ill effects of physical, torment, sickness, natural inconvenience, homeostatic irregularity on the physical and ecological level while the spoilers of their psycho-otherworldliness perhaps sentiments of dread, uneasiness and other negative mentalities. While ecological and physical ones are moderately simpler to follow and address the other solace structures need to see appropriately. Ms.Donald applies the â€Å"coaching† intercession portrayed in the Comfort hypothesis. The Comfort hypothesis recommends that the patient’s needs and needs can be met by anybody and not really the human services staff.

New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #18 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2011 â€" Post #18 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog There is still plenty of time for incoming students to submit photos for posting on the blog.   See this entry for details. Hi, my name is Andrew Hill, an incoming MIA at SIPA.   I thought Id share a few photos since all the cool kids are doing it.   I currently teach English on the JET Program and live in a small chain of remote islands off the coast of Japans Shimane prefecture; so remote, in fact, that they were once used to exile deposed emperors. This first picture was taken on the clifftops of the Kuniga Coastline on Nishinoshima, the second largest island in Oki.   The cliffs are populated with wild horses and cows; or wild in the sense that they have free reign of the place.   Theyre actually pretty tame. The second photo (SIPA 2.jpg) was taken behind Dangyo-taki on Dogo, the largest of the four inhabited islands.   Dangyo is a sacred waterfall, and you can tell by the tori-gate that leads up to a shrine, out of view to the right of the photo. This last picture is also from Dogo.   This one is of their recent Go-rei festival that involves racing sacred horses at breakneck speeds up the path to a small shrine.   Rather than riding the horses through the gate, teams of five men steer the horse by hand while running along side of it.   The man in the photo has gone through a week-long seclusion and purification process in order to be on one of the teams that handle the sacred horses.   Here, he and the horse are slowing to a stop after just dashing through the main gate of the shrine. Student: David Ganske Degree Program: MIA The photos in this series were all taken in front of my home in Kabou, Togo during my time there as a Peace Corps Volunteer. Each photo was taken at a different time of year to show the seasonal changes of Togos woodland savana climate zone. The first two photos show vegetation during the Rainy Season while the final two photos were taken during the Dry Season. The first photo was taken in June 2008, shortly after planting corn. All tilling, planting, placing fertilizer, and harvesting would be done by hand. The second photo was taken one month later in July 2008 after the corn had reached a height of about 20 inches. Soon the family would return to remove weeds around the base of the stalks. The third photo was taken in early November 2008, following harvest. Women are traditionally expected to harvest by breaking the stalks and removing the corn. The final photo, taken in late November 2008, shows the last stage of the farming cycle in Togo known as The Burn. To clear the land and to rid the area of snakes and other predators, farmers blanket their land with fire within just several minutes time. This practice has become controversial because it also contributes to soil depletion.

Essay Genetic Testing - Are the Benefits Worth the Risks

Genetic Testing - Are the Benefits Worth the Risks? In 2001 The Human Genome Project was completed giving us the make up of the entire human genome. Science can now tell what color your eyes are, what gender you are, and what diseases you have just by extracting one strand of DNA. The question I propose to you now is; do you really want to know? Is it a good thing to know that you will get a disease that will eat away your mind, and cripple you till you wither away at the early age of 43 (Huntington Disease)? Genetic testing is the new wave of the future. Geneticists can now tell possible carriers of the gene for Huntington’s disease their true fate, not just give them odds. Now that we can tell people what genes they will or do†¦show more content†¦Genetic testing could very likely become our new glass ball to tell us our fate. Part of the medical profession believes that â€Å"genetic tests can help screen for and diagnose a suspected disease, as well as give clues about prognosis† (Hensrud 194). Doctors practice medicine to alleviate pain and suffering from their patients; this belief has always been held in medicine. One of the techniques for them to do so is to diagnose a problem in order to fix it the best they can. Genetic testing is one tool that can be used to diagnosing certain problems. Genetic testing cannot discover all diseases but it has the potential to change the way the medical enterprise works. The healthcare industry could start predicting and preventing many diseases instead of being concerned mostly with the end stage of disease (Genes and Ethics 784). In other words, genetic testing could help by foreseeing the fate of people making it possible for doctors to prevent some diseases instead of waiting until patients are sick to try and treat them. Genetic testing is a new technology that is not necessarily perfect, but not everything is perfect in medicine. We do call it practicing medicine for a reason. People who are for the use of genetic testing because of the medical advantages are optimistic that the new advancement can help patients. Any new advancement that gives doctors a new tool can always be used for ill of for good. A lot of theShow MoreRelatedThe Human Genome Project A Go Or No?1319 Words   |  6 Pageswill have certain genetic diseases, cancers or any health conditions that will impair the child’s life. This is possible due to the testing of the human gene. The benefits of testing the fetus are plentiful, but others argue these tests can be a hindrance to some. The pro testing side argues it improves the lives of human population, reduces disease, creates new medications and gives a better understanding of humans. The other side argues about the ethics of practicing the testing of genes, privacyRead Mo reGenetic Engineering : A World Where Autism And Downs Syndrome1270 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic Engineering Imagine a world where autism and downs syndrome are a thing of the past, and where there is no shortage on food for anybody. Over the years mankind has developed and improved technology to save more and more lives through the manipulation of the DNA that makes up all living organisms. However, there are those who oppose this approach. Despite the risks and ethical concerns, genetic engineering holds the potential to benefit humanity through both direct and indirect means. InRead MoreArguments For and Against Testing Childrens Genetics Essay617 Words   |  3 Pages The diseases that exist in our world are enough to make medicine and testing the only option of hope in times of need. People grow up happy and healthy, only to be diagnosed, in their middle age, with an adult-onset disease. These diseases only become a burden as the victim gets older. Some commonly known ones are Alzheimer’s or Huntington’s disease. There is no cure or treatment for adult-onset diseases like this. Knowing that the victims have these diseases written in their DNA from the momentRead MoreRejection to the Proposal of Mr. Clotter John Ko Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesto the Proposal of Mr. Clotter John Ko Is generalised Genetic Screening for Factor V Leiden Necessary? =============================================================== Genetic screening has no doubt have been the one of the most controversial issue in the branch of medicine. The new issue has recently triggered the on-going debate: the dilemma of whether the Government should allow the Genetic screening of all 16 year old girls for mutation in specific geneRead MoreUsing Gene Therapy1211 Words   |  5 Pagesnew technique come many risks and dangers that question the ethics involved in doing this. Even though it is only still being tested it can be seen as a promising treatment option for many people. There are several different approaches to gene therapy. It can be used to replace a mutated gene with one that is a healthy one, Inactivating a gene that is not functioning properly or introducing a new gene into the body that can help combat the disease. There are so many benefits that can come from thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Genetic Modification On The Environment And The Human Race1475 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough many oppose the genetic modification of crops, genetic modification also poses an opportunity to lower the price of crops and increase production, which could help solve world hunger. While it may seem like negative effects would be outweighed by the possibility of solving world hunger, an important issue, the conceivably detrimental effects on the health of the environment and the human race would outweigh the humanitarian goal of stopping world hunger. Genetic modification of crops isRead MoreArticle Analysis : The Health Care Profession1700 Words   |  7 Pages Rising health care issues that are being explored include the advantage of pharmacological treatment based on individuals’ genetic makeup, the rise of urinary tract infections (UTIs), as well as recommendations for preventing heart disease in women. The idea that human beings are as different to one another as they are alike is not new and these differences are related to the genetic make-up of each individual. Because all human beings are not identical, one can safely assume that medications that treatRead MoreThe Health Care Profession Has Changed Over Years1703 Words   |  7 PagesRising health care issues that are being explored include the advantage of pharmacological treatment based on individuals’ genetic makeup, the rise of urinary tract infections (UTIs), as well as recommendations for preventing heart disease in women. The idea that human beings are as different to one another as they are alike is not new and these differences are related to the genetic make-up of each individual. Because all human beings are not identical, one can safely assume that medications that treatRead MoreEffects of Genetic Discrimination839 Words   |  3 PagesThe new advancements in genetics spark a new revolution in medicine. Genetic information not only can help us better understand the diseases that plague us, but can also prevent diseases that could potentially be harmful to us. However America’s history of discrimination has taken over this new revolution also. Despite our revolutionized and civilized culture, America still suffers the cruel grip of evil that lies behind many legal documents and contracts. Genetic Discrimination is when people areRead MoreCloning Pros And Cons Of Cloning1147 Words   |  5 Pagessee this type of science and technology of cloning as beneficial to society whereas other peopl e find this type of procedure to be inhumane and not beneficial for any purposes. Science has the ethical obligation to present to the public both the benefits of the science and technology process of cloning, such as eliminating birth defects, as well as the burdens of the science and technology process of cloning, such as the development of new illnesses and diseases that may occur along the way. â€Æ' Cloning

Public Relations Print Media Vs. Social Media - 1675 Words

Issues in Public Relations Ivette Medrano Araujo MCOM 253-002 Principles of PR and Integrated Communications Towson University Issues in Public Relations: Print Media vs. Social Media Since its beginnings, public relations have been helpful and effective to every type of business that applies it or situation where it is applied. For decades, and even to date, one the most used ways of public relations have been the print media; however, a new and different method known as social media emerged worldwide and has caused different consequences in the field of public relations. Public relations have existed even before the Common Era. In continents that now are known as Europe and Asia, people carved on stones different types of negative messages about their opponents to discourage them (Wilcox, Cameron Reber, 2015, p. 40). This was a way of writing about a subject and letting people read it, and after that chat about it, instead of approaching people individually, they decided to do this in order to cover more â€Å"audience.† Many centuries had to pass in order to come up with a more a ccessible and sophisticated way to deliver messages to people. It was not until the invention and development of the printing press in 1450 attributed to Johannes Guttenberg (Wilcox, et al., 2015, p. 41) that print media would evolve in a different way in public relations. With the invention of the printing press, many people started not only to read books that were published, beingShow MoreRelatedMedia In Mass Media1555 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In more recent years, the mass media has begun to play a huge part in how the general public’s view on the world and how they receive their news. When mass media was first introduced, it shared news alongside the main conveyer – print, but with the growth of social media and the web, news has taken a technological turn. When it comes to sharing any form of news, it has become more common for people to check the internet using their phones. Mass media platforms like radio, television andRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing Strategies Essay1767 Words   |  8 Pagesbreathe, I uncovered both the positives and negatives of marketing via social media versus traditional marketing methods. Traditional marketing methods include publishing advertisements through outlets such as billboards, magazines, newspapers, and radio broadcasts, while digital marketing channels consist of social media, pay-per-click advertisements, and newsletters. 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The audience may be individuals, groups, particular publics or the general public. The target audience will critically influence the communicators decision on what is to be said. How it is to be said, when it is to be said, where is to be said and who is to say it. The communicators should research the audience’s needsRead MoreCase Analysis of Rogers Chocolates1273 Words   |  6 PagesAfrica was faced with issues of forced labor and child labor used in the production of cocoa beans. In Victoria, matters concerning the social and community environment were important to consumers. This poor brand image had forced some consumers to switch brands. Although one cannot make every consumer happy, it is best to keep an appealing imagine in the media. The company had issues keeping track of demand, supply and the production of chocolate on an annual basis. This created issues withRead MoreBusiness College : Manage And Implement A Public Relation Programme Essay2410 Words   |  10 PagesRoyal Business college Manage and Implement a public relation programme Units11593 Student A7963 Jingwen Zhu Introduction: What is Public Relations (PR) Public relations (PR) is the way organizations, companies and individuals communicate with the public and media. A PR specialist communicates with the target audience directly or indirectly through media with an aim to create and maintain a positive imageRead MorePublic Relations of Starbucks2570 Words   |  11 Pages Public Relations of Starbucks name CGD318: Public Relations Practices Promotional Writing (BCJ1402A) Instructor: Date submitted Public Relations of Starbucks Today’s society lives in a fast-paced environment and we expect businesses to accommodate to our needs quicker than ever. In our fast moving business world creating just the right image in the public’s eye is essential for the survival for any organization. Public Relations professionals haveRead MoreThe Body Politic : The Removal Of Agency And The Struggle For Power1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe Body Politic: The Removal of Agency and the Struggle for Power The demand for sexual services is a universal constant in human society—from the sexual slavery of the Indo-Asian colonial period, to contemporary Canada, the relation between sex and power is an undisputed fact. Prostitutes and concubines are and were people who struggled with power historically due to their positions in society and their occupations; they have struggled for political access, for their own safety, and for theirRead MoreEffective Public Relations For Your Business World1955 Words   |  8 Pagessurvival for any organization. Public Relations professionals have to deal precisely with this aspect of every business. These professionals work hard at developing a good, positive relationship between a firm and the public it serves. Investing in good public relations for your business will help achieve its objective efficiently. Effective Public Relations can create and build up the image of an organization. During times of adverse publicity an effective Public Re lations can remove the misunderstandingRead MoreCompany Internal Strength And Weakness Of Starbucks1199 Words   |  5 Pagesin the United States Provide an incredible workplace which can expand steadfastness of representatives and minimize workers turnover. Apply the most elevated principles of brilliance in administrations through its client administration, human relations, administration scape, store atmospherics and store outline part. Healthy and Eco-Friendly Focus: Purchased Ethos healthy water for 8 million furthermore does not utilize synthetic flavor for espresso Weakness. High Price of Products As a result

Building Effective Teams Managers and leaders Free Essays

Whether we like it or not, there are always poor performers in any type of team or organization. These are employees or team members who do not meet the standards set by the organization. Commonly, poor performing employees are those who belong to Quartile Four when employees are force-ranked. We will write a custom essay sample on Building Effective Teams Managers and leaders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most managers and leaders agree that it’s not easy dealing with poor performers. As Levinson (2003) said, â€Å"it’s a wrenching task, but you have to face up to the need to confront poor performers, and either fix their shortcomings or fire them.  Ã¢â‚¬  Poor performers, no matter how small in number they may be, still have a big impact in the performance of the whole team or organization. As the HR Manager of the company, I would advise each member of the team to help one another in their tasks and job responsibilities. If the team members notice that there are poor performers among them, they should take immediate action by working with these people and talking to them. Having a good peer-to-peer conversation may reveal the issues that the employee is facing, thus, affecting his/her performance at work. This can help getting to the root cause of the problem and help the member solve it. Team members who are not performing well tend to share their problems and open up more easily with their peers than with their supervisor or manager. Poor performers can also be identified through feedback from peers and, if applicable, customers. The customers are the people who can see the outputs of the employee or member’s work. If it is unsatisfactory to the customer, then the employee must not be performing well. Peers are good sources of feedback when it comes to how the employee or team member really works when the boss is not around. The employee’s co-workers are the people s/he gets to work with day in and day out. They are the ones who can immediately see where the employee is good at and where he is not. Thus, these people can better provide the data and the tools to determine the poor performers in the team or organization. Though co-workers may contribute to the improvement of a poor performer, still, the best person who could talk to the person and give relevant advices is the immediate superior. The member’s immediate superior would know the areas where s/he needs more improvement. Thus, the superior can give better advice pertaining to these areas and how to better improve on them. The immediate superior can also give suggestions on some actions the member needs to do in order to improve on the areas identified. Coaching and mentoring are the key techniques in handling poor performers. Constant monitoring of the employee’s performance and regular coaching would do a lot of help in the improvement of the employee. People think that coaching is a negative thing when it is actually the opposite. Coaching provides a venue for both the employee and supervisor to talk about each other’s performance (Yes, employees get to speak to! ). However, if several coaching have already been done and all other mentoring techniques and help are also tried but the performance of the employee remains the same, it will be best for both parties for the employee to just say goodbye. The job may just not really be for him/her. References Levinson, M. (2003, November 1). How to Find, Fix or Fire Your Poor Performers. CIO Magazine. Retrieved August 1, 2006 from http://www. cio. com/archive/110103/poor. html Time to Stop Tolerating Poor Performers. (2006, February 26). The Sunday Times. Retrieved August 1, 2006 from http://www. timesonline. co. uk/article/0,,8543-2057887_1,00. html How to cite Building Effective Teams Managers and leaders, Papers

Nelle Harper Lee Was Born On The 28th Day Of April In 1926, In Southwe

Nelle Harper Lee was born on the 28th day of April in 1926, in southwest Alabama in a small town called Monroeville. Monroeville has a population of 7,000 people. Harper Lee is the youngest of four children of Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Lee. Harper Lee went to Huntingdon College from 1944-45, from 1945-49 she studied law at the University of Alabama, and attended one year at Oxford University. In the 1950s she worked as a reservation clerk with BOAC in New York City and with Eastern Air Lines. In 1957 Harper Lee handed in the manuscript of her novel to the J.B. Lippincott Company. She was told that her novel was a bunch of short stories put together, and she was urged to re-write it. Finally in 1960 she published her first and only book to get published, To Kill a Mockingbird. Harper Lee has won many awards, they are; Pulitzer Prize, 1961, Alabama Library Association award, 1961, Brotherhood Award of National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1961, Bestsellers paperback of the year award, 1962. All these awards were for To Kill a Mockingbird. Harper Lee had two articles published in 1961: Love - - In Other Words, in Vogue and Christmas To Me, in McCalls. Christmas To Me is the story of Harper Lee getting the gift of a years time for writing from her friends. In 1965 When Children Discover America was published. In June 1966, President Johnson named Harper Lee to the National Council of Arts. Harper Lee has received many honorary doctorates. In 1997 she received an honorary doctorate of humane letters at Spring Hill College in Mobile Alabama. Professor Margaret Davis told Harper Lee that she was being honoured for her lyrical elegance, her portrayal of human strength, and wisdom. A couple of Harper Lees interests were golf and music.

Free Essays on Philosophical And Religous Influences Of The Constitution

Part One – The Legal Framework What were the philosophical and religious influences on American Constitutional Government? In framing the Constitution, the forefathers derived many of the foundations of constitutional government from philosophical and religious ideas. American Constitutional government was not perfect but a result of trial and error of almost two centuries of colonial existence. The origins of Constitutional Government stem from the Judeo Christian principles of covenant, justice, and inalienable rights. This idea was a reflection of the protestant influences and upbringings of the framers and that of the American people. The framers read extensively on the writings of Enlightenment thinkers such as Locke and Montesquieu, applying their ideas into the constitution. John Locke’s â€Å"Second Treatise† and his idea of the â€Å"social contract† was a major influence upon the construction of the constitution. According to Locke, the original state of nature was happy and characterized by reason and tolerance; all human beings were equal and free to pursue "life, hea lth, liberty, and possessions." Thus such rights could not be delegated or withheld from any individual in a state of society. The framers applied Locke’s social contract, which guaranteed a human’s inalienable rights to formation of the constitution. Also, Locke argued that revolution was not only a choice but in some cases an obligation when faced with tyranny. Baron Montesquieu’s, an influential French philosopher believed that in order to protect the liberty of the people, the government should be divided into three branches: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. Montesquieu argued in his essay â€Å"Spirit of the Laws† that this was necessary to prevent the abuse of power, which he felt was the nature of humans. What was the process by which our constitution was adopted? The compromises required and the mistakes made. ... Free Essays on Philosophical And Religous Influences Of The Constitution Free Essays on Philosophical And Religous Influences Of The Constitution Part One – The Legal Framework What were the philosophical and religious influences on American Constitutional Government? In framing the Constitution, the forefathers derived many of the foundations of constitutional government from philosophical and religious ideas. American Constitutional government was not perfect but a result of trial and error of almost two centuries of colonial existence. The origins of Constitutional Government stem from the Judeo Christian principles of covenant, justice, and inalienable rights. This idea was a reflection of the protestant influences and upbringings of the framers and that of the American people. The framers read extensively on the writings of Enlightenment thinkers such as Locke and Montesquieu, applying their ideas into the constitution. John Locke’s â€Å"Second Treatise† and his idea of the â€Å"social contract† was a major influence upon the construction of the constitution. According to Locke, the original state of nature was happy and characterized by reason and tolerance; all human beings were equal and free to pursue "life, hea lth, liberty, and possessions." Thus such rights could not be delegated or withheld from any individual in a state of society. The framers applied Locke’s social contract, which guaranteed a human’s inalienable rights to formation of the constitution. Also, Locke argued that revolution was not only a choice but in some cases an obligation when faced with tyranny. Baron Montesquieu’s, an influential French philosopher believed that in order to protect the liberty of the people, the government should be divided into three branches: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. Montesquieu argued in his essay â€Å"Spirit of the Laws† that this was necessary to prevent the abuse of power, which he felt was the nature of humans. What was the process by which our constitution was adopted? The compromises required and the mistakes made. ...

How to Punctuate References to Dates and Times

How to Punctuate References to Dates and Times How to Punctuate References to Dates and Times How to Punctuate References to Dates and Times By Mark Nichol Where do the commas go in references to days, months, years, and time of day? Take some time to note these punctuation rules: No comma is needed between a month and a year: â€Å"The meeting was held in August 2011.† The same form is correct for referring to a holiday during a certain year: â€Å"I haven’t seen her since Christmas 2005.† However, set the year off from the month and day: â€Å"She attended the August 31, 2011, meeting.† Use a comma to set a day off from the date on which the particular day falls: â€Å"The meeting was held on Wednesday, August 31.† A continuation of the sentence requires a second comma: â€Å"The meeting was held on Wednesday, August 31, and the report was issued the following week.† No comma is required between a date and a starting time for an event on that date: â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for August 31 at 7 p.m.† A continuation of the sentence requires no punctuation unless a new independent clause is introduced: â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for August 31 at 7 p.m. and is expected to last for three hours,† but â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for August 31 at 7 p.m., and it is expected to last for three hours.† However, as in the second example in the second paragraph, the combination of day, date, and time requires organizational punctuation: â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for Wednesday, August 31, at 7 p.m.† â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for August 31, 7-9 p.m.† (Print publications should use an en dash for the time range; some online publications do so, too.) A comma should follow the time range if the sentence continues: â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for August 31, 7-9 p.m., and will feature a guest speaker.† A reference to day, date, and time requires commas between each pair of elements: â€Å"The meeting is scheduled for Wednesday, August 31, 7-9 p.m.† (And don’t precede a time range with from: It’s either â€Å"7-9 p.m.† or â€Å"from 7 to 9 p.m.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtProved vs. Proven30 Nautical Expressions

Finance 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Finance 6 - Essay Example Thus from the given data, Kd = (8.5%) (1-0.30) = 5.95% b. The cost of preferred stock is calculated by the following formula: Kp = Dp / [Pp (1-F)] Where, Kp = cost of preferred stock Dp = preferred dividend Pp= preferred stock price F= floatation cost (Brigham & Daves, 2009, p.330). From the data, Kp = 9/91 = 9.89% c. Cost of common stock (at constant growing rate) can be calculated by the following formula: Ks = (D1/P0) + g Where, Ks = cost of common stock D1 = Dividend at the end of the first year P0 = price of the stock at the beginning of the first year g = growth rate (Gitman, 2007, p.448). From the data, Ks = (0.75/15) + 0.06 = 11% d. Calculation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC): Capital Component Percentage of capital structure Cost Product (PercentageÃâ€"Cost) Debt 0.35 5.95% 2.08% Preferred Stock 0.05 9.89% 0.49% Common Stock 0.60 11% 6.60% WACC 9.17% Page 1 No. 2 Solution: Cost of retained earnings (Kre) = Ke (1-f) Where, Kre = cost of retained earnings Ke = cost of equity f = floatation cost (Kapil, 2011, p.278). Ke = (2.10/34) + 0.06 = 12% From the given data, Kre = 0.12 (1-2.38) = (16.56%) (negative) Cost of new common stock (Kn) = (D1/Nn) + g Where, Kn = cost of new issues of common stock D1 = Dividend at the end of first year Nn = net proceeds from the sale of new common stocks g = constant growth rate (Gitman, 2007, p.448) From the given data, Kn = (2.10/34) + 0.06 = 12.18% ... The original balance sheet reflects 10 percent debt and 90 percent equity. It may here be observed that companies in general tend to lessen their amounts of debts and increase equity amounts or make investments. In the long run in the business operations of any company, the concept of remaining free of debt may not pay well for the business profits. Instead it may be preferable to base a company’s capital structure on the cost of capital for the company. Thus, borrowing money for a long term and reinvesting the amounts in business projects is expected to generate profits for the company. Hence, an optimal structure may reflect on 30-40 percent of debt and the rest in equity for the firm (Kennon, 2011). c. A company may alter its capital structure and buy certain amounts of equity in exchange for new debt thus substituting debt for equity. This would not have any effect on the cost of capital of the company since the overall cost of capital employed does not change. The transac tion remains neutral both for the company as well as the investor (Vernimmen & Quiry, 2009, p.448). d. If a company uses too much of debt financing, then the financial condition of the company may be in a difficult situation. This is primarily because in the long run, the company may lose its value and that tends to increase the cost of capital of the firm. An optimal capital structure of a firm largely depends on the business risk of the firm; greater the risk higher is the possibility for the company to obtain its optimal capital structure (Drake & Fabozzi, 2010, p.178). Page 3 No.1 Solution: Assuming the cost of capital to be 10% and 12% the NPVs can be calculated on the costs and cash flows as given in the data. At 10%, NPV = $ 1102.98 At

Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Policing - Essay Example Group think is also a characteristic of police subculture that entails the police unit making decisions with minimal consultations or consideration of other options. The institutionalized behavior refers to the sense of contentment and completeness of the police (Stevens, 2011). The justification of wrongful rights involves coming up with reasons to justify the police’s actions, while the material essentials allows the officers share various essentials such as uniforms, technology and even vehicles. Mentoring conducted by the high-ranking patrol officers allows for appreciation of the ranks in the police service, personality development allows the policemen develop their personality types, secrecy where other police officers do not report of other officer do not betray other officers, thin blue line that prevents the citizens from resulting into chaos (Stevens, 2011; Pollock, 2011). Two worlds of perspective where police work and live in another, and lastly the use of force th at allows for the police officers justify the use of force (Stevens, 2011). Origins in training, brotherhood of officers, cohesion, institutionalized behavior, material essentials and conservatism are beneficial while use of force, CYA, justification of wrong acts and criminal blindness which are

Systematic Review of the Mental Health Review Tribunal

Systematic Review of the Mental Health Review Tribunal A Systematic Review of the Mental Health Review Tribunal: Processes, Roles and Impact 1. What is the Mental Health Review Tribunal? The Mental Health Review Tribunal is a collection of independent judicial bodies that aim to review the cases of suitable applicant patients who have been appropriately detained under the Mental Health Act 1983[1]. Following strict guidelines and statutory criteria for discharge, collectively, members of the tribunal have the power to direct the discharge of applicant patients who satisfy the relevant discharge criteria. According to the official website of the tribunal (Mental Health Review Tribunal[2]), its other principal powers are: To recommend leave of absence from employment or school as appropriate To recommend supervised discharge To recommend transfer to other hospital or relevant health care professional To issue directions regarding procedural matters To reconvene if any of their recommendations from a past Tribunal hearing is not complied with In general, the Mental Health Review Tribunal serves as a safeguard against wrongful admission or unwarrantedly long detention (Wood, 1993[3]). As such, they give detained patients access to an effective appeal mechanism in order to ensure, as far as possible, legal protection of their liberty. All this is carried out in accordance with the Human Acts Right. There are five Tribunal offices in the United Kingdom (Mental Health Act 1983; Memorandum on Part V[4]). Each region in England is operated under a separate MHRT and a separate Tribunal covers the whole of the country of Wales. Accordingly, there are five Tribunal offices that provide administrative support to the respective MHRTs. The MHRT operates under the provisions of the Mental Health Act 1983 and the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules 1983 (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1983[5]). The powers and duties of the Tribunals are as set out by the Mental Act 1983, subsequently amended in the ensuing policy document, the Mental Health (Patients in Community) Act 1995. The actual Tribunal process usually takes place in the hospital where the applicant patient is being retained, and is usually held in private, unless otherwise agreed by the patient in question and the members of the Tribunal. The actual processes and review procedures of the Tribunal are defined in the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules 1983 (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1983); similarly, this has also been amended to a more current version. Tribunal procedures and deliberations should always be carried out in accordance with the principles of the statutory instrument and the principles in which the other subgroups operate when considering Definitions, Guardianship and the Mental Health Commission under the Mental Health Act. These include: Non-discrimination Equality Respect for diversity Reciprocity Participation Respect for carers Least restrictive alternative and informality Respect for rights All patients that have been detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 or that are eligible for guardianship or supervised post-discharge care have the fundamental right to appeal, i.e. to apply for a review by submitting an application to the Mental Health Review Tribunal, within the specified time limits as specified in the Mental Health Act. Furthermore, in order to ensure regular reviews of all cases, if the patient fails to make such an application the Tribunal, the appropriate body or personnel is obliged to make a referral of the case to the appropriate regional Tribunal. The party responsible for making this mandatory referral differs for various patients and depends on the restriction status of the patient (discussed further in section on types of patients): In the case of restricted patients, it is the responsibility of the Secretary of State for Justice to refer the case to the Tribunal In the case of non restricted patients, the onus falls on the hospital managers In a review of Representing the mentally ill and handicapped (Gostin and Rassaby, 1980[6]), the authors who are incidentally representatives of the National Association for Mental Health (MIND), highlights the unmet need for legal representation for applicant patients at Tribunal hearings of over 20,000 patients annually. However, as pointed out by John Hamilton (1980)[7] of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 90% of these patients are, in fact, on short term detention orders and remain as informal patients after the expiry of the said order. In fact, a great majority of patients are compulsorily detained only for very short period of times and (from 72 hours to 28 days) and may not be eligible for a review process during that limited amount of time (Rollins, 1980[8]). As a result, the informal status of the applicant patient is very important because most of the hospitalised mental health patients in England and Wales are informal (Andoh, 2000[9]). Thus applying one safeguard provid ed in the Mental Health Act 1983, less than 10% of mental health patients who are compulsorily detained have a statutory right of appeal from an independent Mental Health Review Tribunal. In Gostin’s replying correspondence (1980[10]), he revisits the Percy Commission, and emphasises the glaring discrepancies in expected and actual rates of Tribunal hearings. According to Gostin (1980), the Percy Commission envisioned that there would be approximately 8000 ­ – 9000 Tribunal hearing every year. However, in reality, there norm is a figure of about 750, with the maximum ever annual rate being 1515 hearings. As a consequence, most Tribunal members hear only one or two cases each year and thus do not have the opportunity to garner experience and familiarity with a diverse breadth of cases that would have been beneficial to improve future judgements. In the past two decades though, there has been a major increase in the number of applicants to the Tribunals (Crossley, 2004[11]). In fact, as reported by Blumenthal and Wessely in 1994[12], applications to the Tribunal rose dramatically in the 10 years between 1983 and 1993, with the figure approaching 10,000, i.e. almost a three-fold increase since 1984 and costing approximately 12 million pounds ( £). 2. Mental Health Legislation Mental health legislation in the Commonwealth countries is changing in some common law jurisdictions (Carney 2007[13]). There is an increasing debate on whether it is, in fact, a health or legal issue and certain schools of thought question the need for special legislation in the present day. There is controversy over the non-therapeutic nature of criminal law, especially in its sentencing and penological aspects; can the inherent workings of law ever be adjusted to incorporate the perspective of therapeutic jurisprudence (McGuire, 2000[14])? Furthermore, some critics also question the beneficial role of Tribunals or legal adjudication of the detention requirements. The very fact that the term ‘detention’ is used to describe the process of admission of these often vulnerable patients is probably evidence of the need for legal contribution. As mental health patients are frequently prone to violence and can be considered a risk to the public and themselves, it is evident t hat both disciplines of health and the law need to collaborate to achieve optimal long-term management of this population. 2.1 The Mental Health Act 1983 The Mental Health Act 1983 provides legislative guidance for the compulsory ambulatory assessment, care and treatment (i.e. the overall management in hospital) of patients with a mental disorder. In the Mental Health Act document mental disorder is defined as â€Å"mental illness, arrested or incomplete development of mind, psychopathic disorder and any other disorder or disability of mind†. As an amendment from the Mental Health Act 1959, the 1983 policy document requires that in order for a patient to fall within the criteria for ‘severe mental impairment’ or ‘mental impairment’, the patient in question has to be associated with abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible behaviour (Singh, 1984[15]). This definition excludes an appreciable amount of severely impaired or impaired mental health patients that are neither ‘abnormally aggressive’ nor ‘seriously irresponsible’, and thus these equally vulnerable patients rema in unprotected under the amended Mental Health Act 1983. Thus it would appear that the definitions of, under the Mental Health Act 1959, of severe mental subnormality and mental subnormality would be more considerate and fair towards such patients, as it certainly encompassed in the definition the vulnerability of this mental health patient population (Singh, 1984). In part, the Act states that, ‘severe subnormality being of such a nature or degree that the patient is incapable of living an independent life or of guarding himself against serious exploitation or will be incapable when of an age to do so, and in the case of mental subnormality of a nature or degree which requires or is susceptible to medical treatment or other special care or training of the patients’. Thus the recommendations outlined herein in this document apply not only to patients suffering from ‘more violent mental disorders’, but also vulnerable patients who may find it difficult to express their various needs, or who in some extreme, cases, may not even recognise that they need specialist help. It has been proposed that mental health should be given the same priority as physical health (Kmietowicz, 2005[16]). Application of the 1983 Act should also take into consideration exclusions from the definition of ‘mental health’, as set out in Section 1 (3) of the Act. This section of the policy document states that a person should not be treated under the provisions of the Act, if they are suffering from mental disorder purely by reason of promiscuity, other moral conduct, sexual deviance or substance misuse, including dependence on alcohol or drugs. However, the Act recognises that such behavioural problems as listed above may be accompanied by, or assoc iated with, mental disorder, and as such should be overlooked in its entirety. Real life experience apparently shows that the Act is usually fully implemented with appropriate communication and collaboration between the various disciplines involved (Ourashi and Shaw, 2008[17]). A recent of judicial practice and assessment of risk to the public in detained individuals, based on Sections 37/41 of the Act, showed that, in addition to the primary need to protect the public, an additional and almost equally important intention was to ensure compliance with both after-care services and medication. In the study sample, which was made of 12 judges from crown courts in England, it was found that restriction orders were rarely made contrary to the recommendations of the affiliated medical practitioner. It is worthy of note to consider that the recent Mental Health Act of 2007 have introduced some important modifications to core recommendations and standard roles and responsibilities of mental health practitioners (Kousoulou, 2008[18]). These amendments perhaps gain even more importance when we consider the revolutions that have occurred in psychiatry since the original Mental Health Act 1983 was implemented. Of particular importance, is the notion in 1983, that there was no link between mental illness and violence which has now since been proved invalid (Monahan 1992[19]). From October this year (2008), the Mental Health Act 2007 will be fully implemented in the procedures associated with the Mental Health Review Tribunals. 2.2 The Mental Health Act 2007 Amendments to the 1983 Mental Health Act policy document in the Mental Health Act 2007, which are directly related to any aspect of process of the Mental Health Review Tribunal and outlined topline below (Office of Public Sector Information, 2007[20]): Removal of categories of mental disorder: the key definition of ‘mental disorder’ is amended from that which is outlined in Section 1 (2) of the 1983 Act. For the definition of ‘mental disorder’ and mentally disordered’, substitute ‘mental disorder’ means any disorder or disability of the mind; and ‘mentally disordered’ shall be construed accordingly’. In addition the following statements are omitted in the recent amended version: Those of ‘severe mental impairment’ and ‘severely mentally impaired’ Those of ‘mental impairment’ and ‘mentally impaired’ That of ‘psychopathic disorder’ Amendments to the section on the Mental Health Review Tribunal include specific issues related to: Patients absent without leave Duty of hospital managers to refer cases to the Tribunal Power to reduce periods under Section 68 Restriction orders: in relation to restricted patients Conditionally discharged patients subject to limitation directions 2.3 The importance of making the right decision There have been reported cases of mental health patients who commit suicide within a mere 12 months of contact with mental health services. For example, in a national clinical survey that was carried out in England and Wales, over 2,000 mentally impaired suicide victims had had previous contact with mental healthy services in the year before (Appleby et al, 1999[21]). A review by mental health teams concluded that suicide could have been prevented in more than 20% of these cases. In conclusion, the researchers made logical recommendations for suicide prevention measures in mental health services, including strategies to improve compliance and sustain contact with the appropriate mental health services. In addition, there is also the additional threat to the innocent people of the public. The perceived threat of mentally disordered patients, who have been released from detention, to the public has been explored severally (Norris, 1984[22]; Buchanan, 1998[23]; Jamieson and Taylor, 2002[24]). In fact, several years ago, in New Zealand, there was a controversial case of a mental health patient who committed murder six hours after being released from detention (Zinn, 2003[25]). Interestingly, the said patient was found not guilty of the murder by reason of mental illness. Furthermore, the patient was awarded compensation of the value of  £300,000 after he sued the health authority for failing to detain him as an involuntary patient under the Mental Health Act. As such, it is evident that there are many incentives here for ensuring that the right intervention is applied to the right patient. 3. Members of the Tribunal: The Relevant Stakeholders Essential members who must be present at each Tribunal hearing are (Mental Health Review Tribunals website) include: The regional chairmen A legal member A medical member, and A lay member For each geographic region, the Lord Chancellor makes appointments and decides who sits on the different panels. For the other members other than the legal member (i.e. the medical and lay members), the Secretary of State for Health, for cases in England, and the Secretary of State for Wales, for cases in Wales, are also consulted in the decision making process. Each member has a specific and individual role in the co-ordination of the Tribunal hearing. In addition to the essential Tribunal members outlined above, there are other stakeholders involved in the long-term process of the review process. These could be private non-governmental organisations, such as the National Association for Mental Health (MIND). Whether these members are salaried or not is usually discretionary, but the norm is that there is no salary payable, but that members receive an attendance fee and travel and subsistence allowance. On the contrary, the Tribunal chairman is a salaried role. 3.1 Role of the regional chairman A regional chairman is appointed for each of the two Tribunal regions in England: the North Region and the South Region, which are conveniently based in Manchester and London, respectively. The roles of the regional chairman of the Tribunal are multi-factorial and include (Mental Health Review Tribunals website): The regional chairman appoints specific members to particular Tribunal hearings The regional chairman has the responsibility of ensuring that all the statutory requirements are complied with, making judicial decisions and giving necessary direction a timely and fair decision is reached in each and every case The regional member is also responsible for organising training for the members of the Tribunal to ensure that all members have the updated skills and knowledge that would be necessary to effectively carry out their individual roles It is the role of the regional member to oversee the appraisal mentoring scheme of the members of the Tribunal, thus highlighting training needs (see point above) to continually improve the review process The onus also falls upon the regional chairman to handle any complaints about the conduct of any members of the Tribunal, or to refer the case to higher authorities if warranted 3.2 Role of the legal member The legal member, more often than not, presides over the Tribunal hearings. Legal members of the Tribunal are usually elected or appointed on the basis of their specific expertise in the particular area of jurisdiction (Ferres, 2007[26]). They are required to â€Å"have such legal experience, as the Lord Chancellor considers suitable† (Department for Constitutional Affairs, DCA[27]). In addition, interpersonal skills and a good understanding of the health system are crucial as fundamental qualifications of the Tribunal legal member. The official website of the Mental Health Review Tribunal provides relevant specific information on the requirements of becoming a legal member and outlines the roles of the legal members as: The legal member acts as President of the Tribunal. Revisiting the primary role of the MHRT, which is to review the legality of the applicant patient’s detention in hospital and to direct the discharge of those to whom the statutory discharge criteria apply; and to safeguard the patient’s fundamental human right to be free from unjustified hospital detention (Richardson and Machin, 1999[28]), it is evident that this process is essential a legal one. It is thus only logical that the Tribunal be presided over by a member of the legal profession. In addition, the legal member of the Tribunal has the responsibility to ensure that the proceedings of the review process are carried out in a fair and balanced manner. The legal member is also responsible for ensuring that the legal requirements of the Mental Health Act are properly observed The legal member of the Tribunal also has the role of advising and addressing any questions of law which may arise before the hearing, during the hearing and during the deliberation discussions with the other members of the Tribunal In collaboration with the medical member and the lay member of the Tribunal, the legal member is also responsible for drafting the reasons for the reached decision, and for endorsing the record of the agreed decision One of the major that the legal members of the Tribunal face is the danger that the medical member could dominate what must essentially be a legal process (Peay, 1989[29]). 3.3 Role of the medical member As stated above, a medical practitioner is one of the necessary members of the Tribunal and their role, though clearly invaluable, is fraught with opposing views from the multidisciplinary stakeholders in the field. In 2000, Gibson[30] proposed that the role of the medical member was introduced in the 1959 Act to make the process of medical notes review less arduous â€Å"without ruffling medical feathers†. However, according to Prins (2000[31]), the origin of the required disciplines to sit in Tribunal hearings is much more complex than that, as there were conflicting views that arose during the parliamentary debates leading up to the 1959 Act, as to who was best suited to make that all-important decision regarding the patients’ release or continued detention. It is worthy of note, here, that in those early legislative days, the commonplace law was one which involved a purely judicial decision, which probably explains the disinclination to acknowledge the need for a me dical aspect in the decision making process. The medical member could be the patient’s treating psychiatrist, a nurse or any other member of the mental health team. According to the Mental Health Review Tribunal website (Mental Health Review Tribunal), the medical member is customarily a consultant psychiatrist with several years of extensive experience who is able to advise other members of the Tribunal on any relevant medical matters that should be taken into consideration in the patient’s review. There is evidence that the dual role that is expected of medical practitioners on the Tribunal is a potential barrier to having the fairly balanced and effective hearing that is the main objective of the review or appeal process. As with the legal member and all other members of the Tribunal board, interpersonal skills and a good understanding of the relevant health system are important for all Tribunal members (Ferres, 2007). In addition to this fundamental criterion, Ferres (2007) emphasises the dilemma that is brought upon the medical member as a direct consequence of his/her role as a medical practitioner and a sitting as part of the Tribunal. According to the official website of the Mental Health Review Tribunal (Mental Health Review Tribunal), the basic roles of the medical member of the Tribunal can be categorised as outlined below: Medical role: this member is required to carry out an examination of the patient before the hearing and, in so doing, make any necessary interventions – or simply make any necessary steps – that could potentially aid the decision making process in forming an opinion of the patient’s mental health condition. This is clearly in accordance with Rule 11 of the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1983), which requires the medical member of the Tribunal to â€Å"at any time before the hearing†¦examine the patient and take such other steps as he (or she) considers necessary to form an opinion of the patient’s mental condition†. Judicial role: the medical member, together with the other members of the Tribunal, have a judicial responsibility to decide the patient’s fate, in terms of if the patient could still represent a danger to self or others and should thus remain in detention, or if the patient is suitably fit to be released into the public domain. Researchers in the past have shown that the duality of their roles on the Tribunal need not lead to knowledge bias, which could cause a flawed opinion (Langley 1990[32]; Brockman B; 1993[33]). However, in drastic contradiction to this, some more recent opinions expressed by critical schools of thought believe that the dual nature of the expected medical member’s role is a possible barrier to open-mindedness (Gibson, 2000; Richardson and Machin, 2000[34]). The, somewhat logical, fear is that doctors’ judicial opinions of patients’ eligibility for release would undoubtedly be swayed by findings from their preliminary observations and assessments. Apparently, for the review process to be carried out fairly, medical members of the Tribunal should strive to make their decisions based only on reports, evidence and witness and patient reports that presented to them during the Tribunal hearing. As such, any details divulged by the patient prior to the Tribunal hearing sh ould not be considered as evidence and must not be taken into account. Similar to this notion, the Law Reform Committee, in 1967, recommended that a doctor should not be compelled to give evidence of issues that he may have had access to with the patient that have no bearing on the patient’s mental or physical health (Law Reform Committee, 1967[35]). Putting it logically, general human nature may well be a barrier to such sentiments. Having conducted an examination of the applicant patient, and presumably consequently forming a clinical opinion, the medical member of the Tribunal is expected to morph into a decision making member to attend the review hearing. As the Council of Tribunals have very aptly described it, the medical member is â€Å"effectively a witness and a member of the Tribunal, deciding the validity of his own evidence† (Council on Tribunals, 1983, paragraph 322[36]). The unanswered question, thus, is: how can the medical member be expected to detach his previous medical knowledge of the said patient from evidence that is presented in the Tribunal and remain objective in his opinions and, if this distinction is necessary, does the inherent benefit of the preliminary assessment then become invalid? These questions also corroborate the idea of the protection of the doctor’s professional confidence una voidably conflicting with the interest of justice (No authors listed, 1967[37]). However, in his correspondence to the editor of the British Journal of Psychiatry, Gibson (2000) stresses the inherent advantages of the preliminary examination prior to the Tribunal hearing. The main benefits are outlined below: The preliminary examination session gives the medical member a chance to review the applicant patients’ clinical notes which may contain crucial data and clinical findings that are omitted from the reports The preliminary examination session also prepares the medical member to ask the most appropriate questions at the hearing, thus ensuring that the benefits of the review process is optimised Furthermore, Gibson (2000) has suggested that, in order to eliminate the potential prejudice that could accrue from the preliminary assessment and the associated disadvantage of the often time consuming nature, that the applicant patients’ notes should be made available to all of the Tribunal members in the half hour before the Tribunal hearing is scheduled to take place, thus dispensing with the need for the historical preliminary examination. The limitations of this proposal, as succinctly put forward by Prins (2000) are two fold: As we all know from our practical clinical experience, in many cases, medical notes are too voluminous and complex to do a proper review in half an hour. In some cases, it would take days to form an understanding of the contents of such files. Also, the feasibility of medical notes review by all members of the Tribunal is doubtful. Without a certain degree of medical expertise, it would be near impossible for the two non-medical members of the Tribunal to comprehend the contents of the applicant’s patients’ medical notes. This would then necessitate the additional step of medical interpretation for the benefit of these members, leading to longer duration of the review process, and thus, increased costs and burden on the health system. 3.4 Role of the lay member According to the official Mental Health Review Tribunal website, the lay member of the Tribunal serves to provide some form of balance to the Tribunal as a representative of the community outside the dominating, and often clashing, legal and medical professions. Normally lay members would have a background or practical experience of working in the health and welfare field in the National Health Service, voluntary organisations or private health sector. The lay member may also be experienced in social services on administration (Lodge, 2005[38]). 4. Other stakeholders involved in the Mental Health Review Tribunal 4.1 Legal representation for the mental health patient In addition to the legal member of the board, legal representation is usually advised for the patient. A legal representative can be useful to explain the law to the patient and help to protect his or her best interests (Mental Health Review Tribunal website). As a matter of circumstances, the mental health patient’s handicap or mental illness, coupled with the possible effects of having been institutionalised and various antipsychotic medications, make self-advocacy invariably difficult (Gostin, 1980). These patients do, however, have the right to choose to represent themselves; nevertheless, this option is not advisable. Furthermore, Larry Gostin of the National Association for Mental Health (MIND), in London, goes on to convincingly justify the need for legal representation for the mental health patient. Patients who attend the Tribunal without legal representation are frequently denied access to the full reasons for his confinement and subsequent decision, and medical and social reports pertaining to his or her case may be withheld from the patient as confidential (Gostin, 1980). When a legal representative is involved and present during the hearing, he or she is party to all relevant documents and can share the information with the client (in this case, the mental health patient). Another even more important advantage of having legal representation is the ability of such a legal professional to examine provision in the community for housing, care and support. Thus as highlighted above, the benefit of legal representation for the mental health patient in the Tribunal cannot be overemphasised. This calls to question the ethics of the preliminary examination session, during which the vulnerable mental health patient is examined by the medical member of the Tribunal towards forming an opinion of his or her ment

Measurements of physical characteristics Essay

Measurements of physical characteristics are used widely in everyday human life, whether in household or industrial processes, in service or in scientific researches. Some of the main categories of regularly measured parameters are weight, length, area, volume, temperature, density, concentration, voltage, amperage and power. Measurement units historically differed from nation to nation, but over time there is a straight tendency for unification of units. Metric system is recognized as universal in ever-growing number of countries and this allows to minimize differences and errors in international scientific, trade and other types of communications. In metric system, meter, its multiples and fractionals are used for the measurements of length, square meter and its derivates are for measurements of area, cubic meter – for measurements of volume. For measuring temperature there are Celsius or Fahrenheit degrees used, for measuring density – kilogram per cubic meter. Voltage in international metric system is measured in volts, amperage – in amperes, and watts are used for measuring power. To perform measurements one needs to have appropriate instruments. These instruments should have accuracy grade acceptable for the type and purpose of measurements that will be performed. When measurement of length is performed, the only kind of instruments needed is tape-measure or straight scale, if size of measured object is relatively small. If distance that has to be measured is large, and surface between starting and finishing points is not smooth, more sophisticated instruments will be needed to perform required measurements. Measurements of area and volume will sometimes require certain calculations in addition to direct measurements. If measurement of an area of regular shape is performed, it is enough to measure length of the sides of that area and then apply relatively simple formulas for calculation of that area. But if the area measured has irregular shape with edges of bizarre form, calculations will be far more complex and may require solution of integral equations to determine approximate size of an area in question. When it is necessary to measure volume of a liquid, volumetric glassware is enough. But when the volume of a body with complex form shall be calculated, procedure of measurement may become much more complicated. If the body with unknown volume is available for direct measurement, it may be submerged into the water or any other liquid and volume of displaced liquid that is equal to the volume of that body, could be measured. But if that body is not available for direct measurement and is given in form of a scheme with known parameters measured or set beforehand, then rather complicated calculations may be required to estimate the volume of a said body. Density of a liquid may be measured using special instrument called densitometer, which is based on displacement of a certain amount of liquid by the weight of the instrument. The higher density of examined liquid, the smaller will be volume of liquid displaced. For estimation of the density of gases or solid bodies another methods shall be applied, because displacement-based densitometry cannot be applied to non-liquid substances. Measurements of mass and volume are usually performed, and density then is calculated using the simple formula of mass divided by volume. Temperature can be measured using thermometers of different types – liquid-filled, electric, etc. Electric parameters like amperage, voltage and power, could be measured either directly using specific measuring devices, or indirectly by measuring related parameters and later calculating values of parameters required. For a list of physical parameters there are specific units in the system of measurements. Some of the examples were given above. For another example, unit for measuring force is newton, and unit for pressure is pascal. Certain parameters can be formulated indirectly through other units. Speed, for example, is defined as unit of distance passed per unit of time, and acceleration – as rate of change of speed per unit of time. Consequently, force that influences a body, may be calculated through known mass of the body, its beginning speed and rate of change of its speed under the influence of the force studied. Unfortunately, measurements can never provide us with absolute values of parameter we are interested in. Due to imperfection of both human perception, instruments for measurements and because of influence of unstable environmental conditions upon the instrument, body that is subjected to measurements and the person performing measurements, some imprecision will always be present. Additionally, when performing measurements, observer sometimes has to use estimated data because more or less precious values can not be obtained under current conditions. Or maybe high precision values of a given parameter are not important for the current task. Either way, estimation of measured data sometimes takes place, as well as certain ever-present

Individualized Educational Programs Should Be Available...

Individualized Educational Program Equal education should be available to all children without any exclusion or segregation based on mental or physical disability (Woolfolk, A.E., Winne, P.H., Perry, N.E, 2010). Teaching should, therefore, be adjusted to meet each student’s learning styles and needs as much as possible as each child is unique in the way that they learn. A teacher should get to know a child’s personality as well as their strengths, skills and weaknesses and use information from previous teachers and parents, as well, in order to get a better understanding of how that child learns best. Teachers must, therefore, always be prepared to encounter students’ different abilities and learning styles. Thus, instructors must set different expectations and goals for each student according to their abilities and modify the curriculum if needed. Additionally, educational resources should always be accessible to students in order for them to excel to their ful l capacity and to teachers in order to help them achieve this success. An IEP, or individualized educational program, is a type of written statement which is tailored specifically to help students with diverse learning needs (Woolfolk et al., 2010). IEP’s are designed to help students who are gifted, students with learning disabilities, students with hyperactivity and attention disorders, students with language and communication disorders, students with developmental disabilities, such as, autism spectrumShow MoreRelatedEssay special education11975 Words   |  48 Pagesï » ¿CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF DISABILITY The contemporary conception of disability proposed in the WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) views disability as an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions. Disability is the interaction between individuals with a health condition (e.g. cerebral palsy, Down syndrome or depression) and personal and environmental factors (e.g. negative attitudes, inaccessible transportation,Read MoreChallenges Integrating Students With Disabilities6780 Words   |  28 Pagesintegrating students with disabilities into the campus milieu, despite social, legislative, and technological policies designed to provide equal opportunities in higher education. Education about the rights and necessary supports to further inclusion of students with disabilities in campus programs and activities is key for student affairs practitioners. Over the past 25 years since the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the nu mber of students with disabilities enrolled in postsecondaryRead MoreA Jerney in to the Deaf World15812 Words   |  64 Pagestime adjusting to the fact that he was deaf. However his mother eventually helped him by learning some signs. Laurel’s story was the most different. Her family was so unset about the fact that she was deaf that they enrolled her in a strictly oral program and she spent most of her life not being able to sign. She explains that she was deprived of being able to communicate for a good portion of her life because the school was so oral. Henry lost his hearing at the age of 21 so his experience was alsoRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pagesresearch contributes to the theoretical self-conception of social work which is necessary for the development of social work as a modern professional system, a scientific discipline and a research-based activity. The development of social work as a modern social system depends on its intellectual capacity based on this kind of theoretical selfconception. . Issues within the philosophy of science, political philosophy and the general theory of social action play an important role in the philosophy of socialRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesSubtitle C—Miscellaneous Improvements TITLE III—PROMOTING PRIMARY CARE, MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, AND COORDINATED CARE TITLE IV—QUALITY Subtitle A—Comparative Effectiveness Research Subtitle B—Nursing Home Transparency Subtitle C—Quality Measurements Subtitle D—Physician Payments Sunshine Provision Subtitle E—Public Reporting on Health Care-Associated Infections TITLE V—MEDICARE GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION TITLE VI—PROGRAM INTEGRITY †¢HR 3962 IH VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt

The Scientific Revolution Was Not An Organized Effort

Eppur si muove, (but it does move) said Galileo Galilei. (Koyre 1943) The scientific revolution marks a decisive break between the middle ages and the modern world, but it was rooted in earlier developments. It’s the link between observation, experiment, and invention. The scientific revolution was not an organized effort; theories sometimes led to a dead end and discoveries were often accidental. The scientific revolution left a permanent imprint upon history and from its legacy developed the colossal modern social orders of today. (Huff 1996) Heliocentricity is a theory that places the Sun as the center of the universe, and the planets orbiting around it. It’s important because it is the belief that the earth is the center of the universe. (Cole, et al. 2012) For many years, different philosophers argued about what they believed was the center of the universe. Some had their ideas revolve around the church and others had self-opinionate ideas without any integration of the church. 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